The passive : المبني للمجهول:
الشكل: The Form
ملاحظات:
(1) في الأمثلة التالية: S
= subject = الفاعل , V = verb
= الفعل , O
= object = المفعول به
A = agent
= الوسيلة أو الأداة (وهي التي كانت الفاعل في جملة المبني للمعلوم)
(2) في جملة المبني للمجهول يمكننا حذف الوسيلة أو الأداة و هي المكتوبة بخط مائل و مسبوقة بـ by .
الزمن الحاضر البسيط:
|
passive
مبني للمجهول |
active
مبني للمعلوم |
|
|
Football is played by the students. S V A |
The students play football. S V O |
مثبت affirmative |
|
Football is not played by
the students. |
The students do not play football. |
نفي negative |
|
Is Football played by
the students? |
Do the students play football? |
سؤال question |
|
Yes,
it is. |
Yes,
they do. |
جواب answer |
|
No,
it isn't. |
No,
they don't. |
الزمن الماضي البسيط:
|
passive
مبني للمجهول |
active
مبني للمعلوم |
|
|
Football was played by the students. S V A |
The students played football.
S V O |
مثبت affirmative |
|
Football was not played by
the students. |
The students did not play football. |
نفي negative |
|
Was Football played by
the students? |
Did the students play football? |
سؤال question |
|
Yes,
it was. |
Yes,
they did. |
جواب answer |
|
No,
it wasn't. |
No,
they didn't. |
الزمن الحاضر المستمر:
|
passive
مبني للمجهول |
active
مبني للمعلوم |
|
|
Football is being played
by the students. S V A |
The students are
playing football. S V O |
مثبت affirmative |
|
Football is
not being played by the
students. |
The students are not playing football. |
نفي negative |
|
Is Football being played by the students? |
Are the students playing football? |
سؤال question |
|
Yes,
it is. |
Yes,
they are. |
جواب answer |
|
No,
it isn't. |
No,
they aren't. |
الزمن الماضي المستمر:
|
passive
مبني للمجهول |
active
مبني للمعلوم |
|
|
Football was being played by the
students. S V A |
The students were
playing football. S V O |
مثبت affirmative |
|
Football was not being played by the students. |
The students were not playing football. |
نفي negative |
|
Was
Football being played by the
students? |
Were
the students playing football? |
سؤال question |
|
Yes,
it was. |
Yes,
they were. |
جواب answer |
|
No,
it wasn't. |
No,
they weren't. |
الزمن الحاضر التام:
|
passive
مبني للمجهول |
active
مبني للمعلوم |
|
|
Football has been played by the students. S V A |
The students have
played football. S V O |
مثبت affirmative |
|
Football has not been played by the students. |
The students have not played football. |
نفي negative |
|
Has Football been played by the students? |
Have the students played football? |
سؤال question |
|
Yes,
it has. |
Yes,
they have. |
جواب answer |
|
No,
it hasn't. |
No,
they haven't. |
الزمن الماضي التام:
|
passive
مبني للمجهول |
active
مبني للمعلوم |
|
|
Football had been played by the students. S V A |
The students had
played football. S V O |
مثبت affirmative |
|
Football had not been
played by
the students. |
The students had not played football. |
نفي negative |
|
Had Football been played by the students? |
Had the students played football? |
سؤال question |
|
Yes,
it had. |
Yes,
they had. |
جواب answer |
|
No,
it hadn't. |
No,
they hadn't. |
الزمن الحاضر التام المستمر:
|
passive مبني
للمجهول |
active مبني
للمعلوم |
|
|
Football has been being played by the students. S V A |
The students have
been playing football. S V O |
مثبت affirmative |
|
Football has not been being played by the
students. |
The students have not been playing football. |
نفي negative |
|
Has Football been being played by the students? |
Have the students been playing football? |
سؤال question |
|
Yes, it has. |
Yes, they have. |
جواب answer |
|
No, it hasn't. |
No, they haven't. |
الزمن الحاضر التام المستمر:
|
passive مبني للمجهول |
active مبني للمعلوم |
|
|
Football had been being played by the students. S V A |
The students had
been playing football. S V O |
مثبت affirmative |
|
Football had not been being played by
the students. |
The students had not been playing football. |
نفي negative |
|
Had Football been being played by the students? |
Had the students been playing football? |
سؤال question |
|
Yes, it had. |
Yes, they had. |
جواب answer |
|
No, it hadn't. |
No, they hadn't. |
سوف نشرح الآن مثالين يحتويان على فعل مساعد ضعيف يمكن تعميمهما على جميع الأفعال المساعدة الضعيفة الباقية:
|
passive
مبني للمجهول |
active
مبني للمعلوم |
|
|
Football can be played by the students. S V A |
The students can play football. S V
O |
مثبت affirmative |
|
Football cannot be played by the students. |
The students cannot play football. |
نفي negative |
|
Can Football be played by the students? |
Can the students play football? |
سؤال question |
|
Yes,
it can. |
Yes,
they can. |
جواب answer |
|
No,
it can't. |
No,
they can't. |
|
passive
مبني للمجهول |
active
مبني للمعلوم |
|
|
Football must be played by the students. S V A |
The students must play football. S V O |
مثبت affirmative |
|
Football must not be played by the students. |
The students must not play football. |
نفي negative |
|
Must Football be played by the students? |
Must the students play football? |
سؤال question |
|
Yes,
it must. |
Yes,
they must. |
جواب answer |
|
No,
it mustn't. |
No,
they mustn't. |
ملاحظات:
1- لا يمكن تشكيل المبني
للمجهول من جملة لا يوجد فيها مفعول به.
2- عنما يكون هناك
مفعوليين به في الجملة فيمكن تشكيل صيغة المبني للمجهول بطريقتين مختلفتين:
|
active |
Passive |
||
|
أعطوني كتاباً البارحة. |
They gave me a book yesterday. |
I was given a book yesterday. |
أُعطيت كتاباً البارحة. |
|
A book was given to me yesterday. |
|||
استخدام المبني للمجهول: The usage
نستخدم
المبني للمجهول في الحالات التالية:
1- للتركيز على المفعول به (الذي وقع عليه الفعل) و ليس الفاعل (الذي قام بالفعل)، ولذلك يمكننا هنا حذف الأداة (القائم بالفعل في جملة المبني للمجهول):
|
التركيز على الأشخاص الذين لعبوا كرة القدم. |
The students played football at
school yesterday. لَعِبَ الطلاب كرة القدم في المدرسة البارحة. |
معلوم |
|
كرة القدم أهم من التلاميذ |
Football was played by the students at
school yesterday. لُعِبَ بكرة القدم من قبل الطلاب في المدرسة البارحة. |
مجهول |
2-
عندما لا نكون نعرف من الذي قام بالفعل:
|
السارق غير معروف |
My car has been stolen. |
سُرِقَت سيارتي. |
3- عندما
يكون القائم بالفعل واضحاً حتى من دون أن نذكره صراحةً:
|
الحكومة تعاقب
المخالفين بقوة القانون |
Anyone
who is caught hunting is severely punished. |
كل شخص يُقبَض عليه وهو يصطاد فيعاقب
بشدة. |
اكتب تعليقاً