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الرئيسية الجملة و أدواتها

Transition Words and Phrases: كلمات و عبارات الربط و الانتقال:

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Transition Words and Phrases: كلمات و عبارات الربط و الانتقال:

 

نستخدم بعض الكلمات و العبارات للربط بين الجمل و الفقرات و الانتقال بسلاسة من فكرة إلى أخرى و الابتعاد عن النمطية بكتابة جمل مستقلة غير مترابطة.

ذكرنا قسم منها سابقاً عند الحديث عن الروابط و الآن نعيد ذكر بعضها و نضيف إليها من خلال سردها على شكل مجموعات لمقارنة الروابط المتشابهة فيما بينها.

 

Adding Information  حالات إضافة معلومات إلى معلومات مذكورة مسبقاً

صديقتي تتكلم اللغة الانكليزية و هي تتكلم اللغة التركية أيضاً.

My friend speaks English,        and                  she speaks Turkish.

و

and

My friend speaks English;        moreover,       she speaks Turkish.

My friend speaks English.        Moreover,       she speaks Turkish.

و، علاوة على ذلك

moreover

My friend speaks English;        furthermore,  she speaks Turkish.

My friend speaks English.        Furthermore,  she speaks Turkish.

furthermore

My friend speaks English.        In addition,     she speaks Turkish.

بالإضافة

in addition

My friend speaks English.        Additionally,   she speaks Turkish.

additionally

My friend speaks English.        Besides,            she speaks Turkish.

besides

My friend speaks English.        As well as,        she speaks Turkish.

as well as

My friend speaks English.        Likewise,          she speaks Turkish.

وكذلك

likewise

My friend speaks English.        Also,                 she  speaks Turkish.

أيضاً

also

My friend speaks English. She also                          speaks Turkish.

 

Not only she speaks English, but she also speaks Turkish.

هي لا تتكلم اللغة الانكليزية فقط و لكن تتكلم اللغة التركية أيضاً.

ليس فقط ... ولكن أيضاً

not only . . . but also
 

Showing a Contrast : حالات إظهار الاختلاف

صديقتي تتكلم اللغة الانكليزية ولكنها لا تتكلم اللغة التركية.

My friend speaks English, but                 she doesn’t speak Turkish.

لكن

but

My friend speaks English, yet                  she doesn’t speak Turkish.

yet

My friend speaks English. However,       she doesn’t speak Turkish.

My friend speaks English; however,       she doesn’t speak Turkish.

however

My friend speaks English. Nevertheless, she doesn’t speak Turkish.

nevertheless

My friend speaks English. Nonetheless,   she doesn’t speak Turkish.

nonetheless

النساء عادةً يستمتعون بالتسوق لكن على العكس من ذلك فإن الرجال يكرهون ذلك.

Women usually enjoy shopping. On the other hand, men often dislike it.

من ناحية أخرى

on the other hand

Women usually enjoy shopping. In contrast, men often dislike it.

بالخلاف من ذلك

in contrast

Women usually enjoy shopping. In the contrary, men often dislike it.

on the contrary

Women usually enjoy shopping. Conversely, men often dislike it.

conversely

Women usually enjoy shopping; rather, men often dislike it.

rather

Students should study hard. Otherwise, they may fail the exam.

ينبغي على الطلاب أن يدرسوا بجد و إلا فإنهم ربما يرسبوا في الامتحان.

و إلا

otherwise

I won’t learn English. Instead, I will learn Turkish.

لا أريد تعلم اللغة الانكليزية بل بدلاً من ذلك أريد تعلم اللغة التركية.

بدلاً من ذلك

instead

 

Showing a Concession على الرغم من

بالرغم من أن الكتاب قراءته صعب ولكنه ممتع.

(Even) though          the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting.

بالرغم من

(even) though

Although                  the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting.

although

In spite of                 the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting.

in spite of

Despite (the fact that) the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting.

despite (the fact that)

 

Giving Examples  إعطاء أمثلة

زرت بلدان كثيرة، على سبيل المثال: زرت كندا و المكسيك و اسبانيا.

I have been to many countries. For example, I have been to Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Spain.

على سبيل المثال

مثلاً

for example

I have been to many countries. For instance, I have been to Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Spain.

for instance

I have been to many countries; e.g. I have been to Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Spain.

e.g.

I have been to many countries including Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Spain.

زرت بلدان كثيرة، من ضمنها (متضمناً) كندا و المكسيك و اسبانيا.

بما فيها

including

زرت بلدان كثيرة، مثل كندا و المكسيك و اسبانيا.

أحب الفواكه و خصوصاً أحب الموز و الأناناس و التوت.

I have been to many countries such as Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Spain.

مثل

such as

I have been to many countries like Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Spain.

like

I love fruits. Especially, I like bananas, pineapple, and berries.

و خصوصاً

بشكل خاص

especially, specifically

I love fruits. In particular, I like bananas, pineapple, and berries.

in particular, particularly

 

Showing a Similarityإظهار التشابه :

تسلق قمة افريست صعب جداً و كذلك دراسة السات صعب جداً

Climbing Everest is very difficult. Likewise, studying the SAT is very difficult.

و كذلك

likewise

Climbing Everest is very difficult. Correspondingly, studying the SAT is very difficult.

و بالمثل

correspondingly

Climbing Everest is very difficult. Identically, studying the SAT is very difficult.

identically

Climbing Everest is very difficult. Similarly, studying the SAT is very difficult.

similarly

Climbing Everest is very difficult. In the same way, studying the SAT is very difficult.

بنفس الطريقة

in the same way

Climbing Everest is very difficult. Comparatively, studying the SAT is very difficult.

بالمقارنة

comparatively

 

Cause and Resultالسبب و النتيجة :

Janet is very happy because she passed her exam.

جانيت سعيدة جداً لأنها نجحت بالامتحان.

بسبب

because

Janet is very happy due to the fact that she passed her exam.

جانيت سعيدة جداً بسبب حقيقة أنها نجحت بالامتحان.

Janet is very happy due to her success.

جانيت سعيدة جداً بسبب نجاحها.

due to the fact that

 

due to

نجحت جانيت بامتحانها و لذلك فهي سعيدة جداً.

Janet passed her exam, so                           she is very happy.

لذلك

so

Janet passed her exam. Thus,                     she is very happy.

thus

Janet passed her exam. Hence,                   she is very happy.

hence

Janet passed her exam. Therefore,             she is very happy.

Janet passed her exam; therefore,              she is very happy.

therefore

Janet passed her exam. Wherefore,            she is very happy.

wherefore

Janet passed her exam. As a result,            she is very happy.

كنتيجة لذلك

as a result

Janet passed her exam. As a consequence, she is very happy.

as a consequence

Janet passed her exam. Consequently,        she is very happy.

consequently

Janet passed her exam. Accordingly,           she is very happy.

accordingly

Janet passed her exam. Subsequently,         she is very happy.

subsequently

Janet passed her exam. For this reason,      she is very happy.

لهذا السبب

for this reason/purpose

 

Explaining or Emphasizingشرح و توضيح :

تأخر عن الدرس ثانيةً، في الواقع لم يستيقظ في الوقت المحدد.

He was late to class again. In fact, he didn't wake up on time. 

في الواقع

in fact / indeed

He was late to class again. Actually, he didn't wake up on time. 

actually

تأخر عن الدرس ثانيةً، بمعنى آخر لم يستيقظ في الوقت المحدد.

He was late to class again. In other words, he didn't wake up on time. 

بمعنى آخر

 

أي

in other words

He was late to class again; i.e. he didn't wake up on time. 

i.e.

He was late to class again. That is (to say), he didn't wake up on time. 

that is (to say)

 

Showing a Conditionشرط  و جواب الشرط :

I must study hard, or I will fail my math exam.

يجب أن أدرس بجد و إلا سأرسب بامتحان الرياضيات.

أو

or

Whether I study hard or not, I will fail my math exam because I don’t like it.

سواءً درستُ بجد أم لا سوف أرسب في امتحان الرياضيات لأنني لا أحبه.

سواءً ... أم

whether . . . or

If you don’t want to fail your math exam, (then) you must study hard.

إذا لم تكن تريد الرسوب في امتحان الرياضيات فإذاً يجب عليك الدراسة بجد.

إذا ... فإنّ

if . . . (then)

Unless you study hard, you will fail your math exam.

مالم تدرس بجد فسوف ترسب في امتحان الرياضيات.

مالم

unless

 

Establishing Time Relation or Sequenceالعلاقة الزمنية أو التعقيب و التزامن :

First / Firstly / At first, I am not interested in going to the cinema. Second / Secondly, I don’t have time for that.

أولاً أنا غير مهتم بالذهاب إلى السينما، ثانياً ليس لدي وقت لذلك.

أولاً ... ثانياً

first/at first/ firstly

second / secondly

درس في الجامعة لأربع سنوات و من ثم بدأ العمل كمعلم في مدرسة محلية.

He had studied at university for four years. Next, he started working as a teacher in a local school.

من ثم

 

بعد ذلك

 

فيما بعد

next

He had studied at university for four years. Then, he started working as a teacher in a local school.

then

He had studied at university for four years. Later on, he started working as a teacher in a local school.

later on

He had studied at university for four years. Later, he started working as a teacher in a local school.

later

He had studied at university for four years. Afterward, he started working as a teacher in a local school.

afterward(s)

He had studied at university for four years. Soon, he started working as a teacher in a local school.

soon

بدأ العمل كمعلم في مدرسة محلية قبل ذلك درس في الجامعة لأربع سنوات.

He started working as a teacher in a local school. Before that, he had studied at university for four years.

قبل ذلك

before that

He started working as a teacher in a local school. Beforehand, he had studied at university for four years.

beforehand

كان جيف يعمل بجد لتنظيف المنزل، في تلك الأثناء أخوه كان يشاهد التلفزيون

Jeff was working hard to clean the house. While, his brother was watching television.

بينما

 

في هذه الأثناء

 

في نفس الوقت

while

Jeff was working hard to clean the house. Meanwhile, his brother was watching television.

meanwhile

Jeff was working hard to clean the house. In the meantime, his brother was watching television.

in the meantime

Jeff was working hard to clean the house. At the same time, his brother was watching television.

at the same time

Jeff was working hard to clean the house. Simultaneously, his brother was watching television.

simultaneously

 

Summarizingتلخيص أو خلاصة :

... و أخيراً فإنه يتوجب علينا أن نقدم لها بعض المساعدة المالية.

… . Finally, we should offer her some financial help.

و أخيراً

 

باختصار

 

بإيجاز

finally

… . In conclusion, we should offer her some financial help.

in conclusion

… . In summary, we should offer her some financial help.

in summary

… . To summarize, we should offer her some financial help.

to summarize

… . In short, we should offer her some financial help.

in short

… . In brief, we should offer her some financial help.

in brief

… . Briefly, we should offer her some financial help.

briefly

… . To sum up, we should offer her some financial help.

to sum up

 

أيضاً
في نهاية الجملة

نستخدم too عندما تكون الجملة مثبتة

I like drinking coffee. He likes drinking coffee, too.

أحب شرب القهوة، هو أيضاً يحب شرب القهوة.

أيضاً

Too

نستخدم either عندما تكون الجملة منفية

I don't like drinking tea. He doesn't like drinking tea, either.         

لا أحب شرب الشاي، هو أيضاً لا يحب شرب الشاي.

Either

 

 

الأقسام

أخر المواضيع من قسم : الجملة و أدواتها

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